Fibonacci Essay Example For Students

Fibonacci Essay Leonardo PisanoI explored a researcher or rather a mathematician that made commitments to his control with the end goal that they have influenced a greater part of the individuals that have lived on this planet since his time. His name is Leonardo Pisano. It is estimated that Leonardo was conceived in the town of Pisa which is in cutting edge Italy around 1170. Leonardo moved at a youthful age with his dad to a town in northern Algeria. Leonardos father held a political post where his activity was to speak to the traders of the republic. At a youthful age Leonardo worked with numbers learning the in and outs of bookkeeping and adjusting books. In Algeria and different nations that he chatted with his dad he learned diverse numbering frameworks and how they had focal points to the one that he grew up with. In Algeria from the Arabs he took in the base 10 framework and was capable to spreading this framework across Europe which thusly was spread over the world and is presently the most broadly utilized number framework (Connor 1998). The vast majority today know Leonardo by his moniker Fibonacci. By the turn of the century Fibonacci had come back to Italy and started to compose messages. He composed on number hypothesis, geometry, polynomial math, and archived issues and evidences. Fibonacci lived before the print machine had been developed and all duplicates of his books must be had composed duplicates from his own transcribed duplicates. Today we despite everything have four of his books; Liber abaci (1202), Practica geometriae (1220), Flos (1225), and Liber quadratorum. As indicated by an article by Keith Devlin, Executive Director of the Center for the Study of Language and Information at Stanford University, Fibonaccis first book Liber abaci is the book that offered numbers toward the western world. Fibonacci was conceived in the Roman Empire and subsequently was instructed in his childhood the Roman numeral framework which is restricting when one needs to f igure complex conditions. As referenced before Fibonacci voyaged widely in northern Africa with his dad where he took in the base ten framework from the Arabic individuals who thus took in it from the individuals of India who created it at some point in the main thousand years. In his book Liber abaci or The Book of count he archived the framework in detail that he gained from the Arab merchants remembering its effectiveness for performing number juggling (Delvin 2002). This framework included ten images including a decimal point which could communicate incomplete numbers or parts (Delvin 2002). The book starts; These are the nine figures of the Indians: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1. With these nine figures, and with this sign 0 which in Arabic is called zephirum, any number can be composed, as will be illustrated (Pisano 1202). Being the child of a shipper, the book is equipped to help exchanging vendors become familiar with the new framework, how to apply it to there exchanges, and ascertain trade rates (Delvin 2002). It likewise examines the hare issue for which Fibonacci is most notable. The bunny issue presents a succession where the following number in the grouping is the whole of the past two numbers (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21). This succession unintentionally shows up arbitrarily in nature in shells, colonies, and even in electrical opposition which had not been found at this point (Knott 2005). Different books had been expounded on the Arab-Hindu numbering framework yet they had even more a mathematic approach as were for the most part just read by genuine mathematicians. Since Liber abaci was composed to assist traders with bettering their math aptitudes it was considerably more broadly copied and acquainted the numbering framework with ordinary citizens (Delvin 2002). Fibonaccis different books were more math arranged and not as famous as Liber abaci. Practica geometriae managed polynomial math and trigonometry dependent on the math hypothesis of Euclid. Liber quadratorum (The book of Squares) is a book on advance polynomial math and number hypothesis. One thing that I gained from my examination is talked about in this book; every ideal square can be communicated as a total of odd numbers (f(22)=1+3, f(32)=1+3+5, f(42)=1+3+5+7)(Connor 1998). This to me was stunning and gave a straightforward investigate the splendid comprehension Fibonacci had of the Arab-Hindu number framework. Fibonacci was all around regarded by his companions and researcher individuals from the court of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II proposed that he meet Fibonacci when his court met in Pisa in 1225. Another of Fibonaccis books Flos is likewise to a great extent gave to variable based math and contains answers to a progression of issues presented to him in a challenge com posed for sovereign Frederick II. Counting an exact estimation of 10x + 22 + x3 = 20 (Connor 1998). I played with this condition for some time with my school math aptitudes and I didnt approach an answer. In contrast to me, Fibonacci who took in a larger part of his math while examining and getting the hang of during his movements with traders had the option to fathom this condition with a right answer out to the ninth decimal. Fibonacci was really a virtuoso mathematician for his time and I am certain even presently. Fibonacci was even given a yearly pay from the Roman Empire for his commitments to the realm (Connor 1998). I myself am astounded at his comprehension of numbers and who knows what number of viable applications have been or will be found because of Fibonaccis numerical revelations. References:J J OConnor and E F Robertson 1998 Posted by School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, ScotlandLeonardo Pisano Fibonaccihttp://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Fibonacci.htmlKeith Devlin 2002 Posted by The Mathematical Association of AmericaThe 800th birthday celebration of the book that carried numbers toward the westhttp://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_10_02.htmlDr Ron Knott 2005 Hosted by the Department of Mathematics, Surrey University, Guildford, UK and in relationship with Amazon booksFibonacci numbers and the brilliant sectionhttp://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fib.html

Free Essays on The Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Through The Ages

The Effects of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder In Soldiers through the Ages. Through the historical backdrop of mankind we have battled against one another. These wars have been battled in the names of religion, governments, individual feuds and downright absurdity. Yet, there has consistently been one horrible symptom of war that was to a great extent overlooked or dishonestly deciphered and that is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, or Shell Shock. The real name of the turmoil has experienced numerous progressions as time has advanced, because of various hypotheses on how it happened and how it influenced certain individuals. These names incorporate; Exhaustion , Railway Hysteria , Soldier’s Heart , Shell Shock and Combat Fatigue . Despite the fact that the names have changed, the general meaning of this issue has not. In the â€Å"PTSD Manual†, a manual utilized by the military pretty much as a handbook in the field for officers and surgeons, it characterizes PTSD as; â€Å"A mental condition experienced by an individual who had confronted a ho rrible accident which caused a disastrous stressor outside the scopes of regular human experience (an occasion, for example, war, torment, assault, or characteristic disaster)† (Mil Vet PTSD Manual). PTSD was first authoritatively perceived by the legislature in the mid 1800 when it called â€Å"exhaustion†. They understood that warriors had been giving extraordinary indications of worry after fights in the War of 1812. In any case, this baffled specialists since troopers in those days shouldn't give indications of worry of dread in fight, in view of the enthusiasm they should feel for their nation. Nonetheless, as we probably am aware today they were enduring awfully because of absence of treatment. In 1876 Dr. Mendez DaCosta distributed a paper on Civil War battle vets diagnosing â€Å"Soldier’s Heart†, indicating that the standard side effects were extraordinary surprise reactions, hyper-cautiousness and heart arrhythmias. During the 1900’s WWI was going full bore and a huge number of fighters were getting back home strick... Free Essays on The Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Through The Ages Free Essays on The Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Through The Ages The Effects of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder In Soldiers through the Ages. Through the historical backdrop of mankind we have battled against one another. These wars have been battled in the names of religion, governments, individual grudges and outright stupidity. Yet, there has consistently been one horrendous symptom of war that was to a great extent overlooked or dishonestly deciphered and that is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, or Shell Shock. The real name of the confusion has experienced numerous progressions as time has advanced, because of various hypotheses on how it happened and how it influenced certain individuals. These names incorporate; Exhaustion , Railway Hysteria , Soldier’s Heart , Shell Shock and Combat Fatigue . In spite of the fact that the names have changed, the general meaning of this issue has not. In the â€Å"PTSD Manual†, a manual utilized by the military pretty much as a handbook in the field for leaders and doctors, it characterizes PTSD as; â€Å"A mental condition experienced by an individual who had confront ed a horrible accident which caused a disastrous stressor outside the scopes of regular human experience (an occasion, for example, war, torment, assault, or characteristic disaster)† (Mil Vet PTSD Manual). PTSD was first authoritatively perceived by the legislature in the mid 1800 when it called â€Å"exhaustion†. They understood that officers had been giving outrageous indications of worry after fights in the War of 1812. Be that as it may, this bewildered specialists since troopers in those days shouldn't give indications of worry of dread in fight, as a result of the nationalism they should feel for their nation. Nonetheless, as we probably am aware today they were enduring horrendously because of absence of treatment. In 1876 Dr. Mendez DaCosta distributed a paper on Civil War battle vets diagnosing â€Å"Soldier’s Heart†, indicating that the standard side effects were extraordinary alarm reactions, hyper-cautiousness and heart arrhythmias. During the 1900’s WWI was going all out and a large number of warriors were getting back home strick...

Concurrent Engineering Vs Traditional Sequential Methods

Simultaneous Engineering Vs Traditional Sequential Methods So as to connote the contrasts between the customary methodology of successive designing and the cutting edge simultaneous building approach, I will reenact the arrival of an airplane segment onto the market, and clarify in detail the procedure. I will call attention to contrasts between the techniques as I come. Customarily, items were structured and produced following the consecutive designing techniques, where individuals from various offices work in a steady progression on progressive periods of improvement. This strategy for creation is in a direct organization. The various advances are done in a steady progression, with all consideration and assets concentrated on that one undertaking. After it is finished it is disregarded and everything is focused on the following assignment. The item is first totally characterized by the building structure office, and afterward the assembling division dominate and characterize the assembling procedure, and so forth. This was a long procedure, and frequently prompted a great deal of configuration changes as the model testing started, because of creation issues, deferrals or configuration blemishes. This is hence a moderate and exorbitant methodology, frequently prompting a low-quality and less serious item. Simultaneous Engineering, now and again called Simultaneous Engineering or Integrated Product Development (IPD), can be characterized as an efficient way to deal with the incorporated, simultaneous structure of items and their related procedures, including assembling and backing. This methodology is proposed to cause the engineers, from the beginning, to consider all components of the item life cycle from origination through removal, including quality, cost, timetable, and client prerequisites. This outcomes in the item advancement group plainly understanding what the item requires regarding crucial, ecological conditions during activity, financial plan, and booking. In this technique, a few groups inside an association work all the while to grow new items and administrations andthis subsequently permits a progressively smoothed out methodology. Dynamic includes full group interest and inclusion. The group regularly comprises of item configuration engineers, producing engineers, show casing work force, buying, money, and providers, and the job of the pioneer is to gracefully the essential establishment and backing for change, as opposed to guide the other colleagues. In simultaneous designing, various assignments are handled simultaneously, and not really in the typical request. This implies information discovered later in the process can be added to before parts, improving them, and furthermore sparing a ton of time. Models from organizations utilizing Concurrent Engineering methods show huge increments in generally speaking quality, 30-40% decrease in venture times and expenses, and 60-80% decreases in configuration changes after discharge. ADVANTAGES of simultaneous Simultaneous building gives numerous advantages over consecutive designing, including lower assembling and creation costs, improved nature of coming about finished results and expanded precision in foreseeing and meeting venture plans, timetables, courses of events, and financial plans. Since the multidisciplinary groups cooperating right off the bat in the process can settle on educated choices about cost, quality, procedure and item issues, exchange offs can be made between configuration highlights, part manufacturability, get together prerequisites, material needs, unwavering quality issues, usefulness necessities, and cost and time imperatives. Any distinctions are normally accommodated from the get-go in the structure procedure, prompting expanded proficiency and execution, higher unwavering quality in the item improvement process, decreased deformity rate and at last a quicker time to advertise which brings about expanded piece of the overall industry. This likewise implies qui cker response times in reacting to the quickly evolving market, which thus cultivates expanded consumer loyalty and a better yield on speculations because of the diminished work and asset prerequisites, improved stock control and booking. Improved correspondence among people and offices inside the firm additionally supports cohesiveness, and a progressively charming workplace, which thus can decidedly influence efficiency of the workforce. Simultaneous designing is anything but an insignificant procedure to apply; along these lines organizations must be cautious in utilizing this methodology. To be effective, they ought to at first contrast themselves with their rivals with set a benchmark, and distinguish potential execution upgrades and sensible focuses by breaking down the market and knowing the clients. It is vital to have the top administrations support, and to build up an unmistakable technique and usage plan which must be consistently surveyed and reexamined with progress. Independence ought to be stifled inside the group and undertaking pioneers must have an away from perception of the venture and objectives. Cross - utilitarian reconciliation and joint effort should be built up and energized, in order to encourage group morals and openly move innovation and data among people and offices. A few associations have been known to have issues before, which show themselves when there is a reluctance to organize simul taneous designing, and new announcing lines and prize frameworks are not set up to concur with the new methodology. Issues can likewise emerge if the workers have not had any preparation in cooperation, or if the timetables set are ridiculous. There should be an adjustment involved with merchants all together for the simultaneous designing strategies to work at their best, nearby an attention on process improvement instead of computerisation. Simultaneous building is a developing procedure that requires constant improvement and refinement. This persistent improvement cycle comprise of arranging, executing, evaluating, and updating. The procedure must be refreshed and updated all the time to enhance the adequacy and advantages in the simultaneous building advancement process. End In todays business world, a brisk powerful reaction to changing business sector needs is principal if an organization is to be fruitful. They should have the option to diminish their opportunity to showcase with a versatile disposition and choice must be made rapidly and accurately the first run through around. On the off chance that the organizations sit around idly rehashing errands, as might happen utilizing consecutive techniques, they will turn out to be less serious, in this way simultaneous building has risen as method for carrying fast answers for item structure and improvement process. Simultaneous designing is undeniably the future for new item improvement for all organizations paying little heed to their size, complexity, or item portfolio. So as to be serious, partnerships must have the option to finish assorted undertakings simultaneously, regardless of whether that implies changing their item and procedure advancement cycle. In spite of the fact that it will require a significant redesign and be inspected and balanced for nonstop enhancements of building and business tasks, this new procedure will profit the organization in the long haul.

The Problem With Bank Liquidity Management Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

This chapter focuses on the results obtained based on the empirical analyses conducted to test the research objectives. The descriptive statistics calculated for the sample are provided in the sections that follow. That is, the data pertaining to the variables included in the study, as collected by the questionnaire is summarised by means of calculation of descriptive measures. In this manner, the properties of the observed data clearly emerge and an overall picture thereof is obtained. The descriptive and inferential statistics generated for the conjectured relationships are presented and discussed. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The problem with bank liquidity management is that when banks get it wrong, there can be drastic consequences for the economy. This can be seen today from the continuing effects of what started in 2007. The economy is still in a rut and although Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has once again begun to pick up, unemployment remains at the extremely high level of 9.7% according to the most recent Bureau of Labour Statistics Report (Bureau of Labour Statistics, 2010). A key issue to ensure progress has to be how to make sure banks successfully balance their liquidity management in order to be stable and still provide the market with liquidity. Public policy makers will aim to continue strong national economic growth while keeping low unemployment and inflation. Banks themselves have a motive to ensure stability and also increase profits. Economies for years have struggled with liquidity risk. The sheer size and complexity of the modern economy increases the importance of this issue and this is all the more reason it needs to be carefully considered. 4.1 RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS A total of 70 completed questionnaires were received from the banks, representing a 51.9% response rate. The majority of respondents, 87% of whom were male and 13% were female as shown in Table 4.1. (N=70) Gender Frequency Percentage Male 61 87% Female 09 13% Table 4.1: Gender Distribution of Respondents The chart below here shows the gender distribution of respondents. Ten respondents were between 25 and 30, remaining 50 respondents were between 31-35 years of age and the remaining respondents were older than 35. Age Frequency Percentage 25-30 years 10 14% 31-35 years 50 72% 35 years 10 14% Table 4.2: Age of Respondents The chart below here shows the age of respondents. 4.2. RESPONDENT ANSWERS: 4.2.1. Liquidity risk breaks the silo based approach: Liquidity risk break the silo based approach to manage risk as Basel 3 is the best opportunity to break down. That starts with the senior management establishing a detailed, clearly defined definition of the overall risk appetite of the bank. This ensures that shareholders, deposit holders and other stakeholders have a clear understanding of the business strategy. From there, a number of st eps should be taken to ensure that the bank truly takes ownership of the risks it is running at the group level, as well as at lower business or division levels. Systems should be developed based on common data inputs to drive market, credit and liquidity risk. A single data load with all the attributes required for market, counterparty credit risk, RWA, economic capital and liquidity risk should be extracted from source systems. Since this data would be shared across risk types, data reconciliation requirements would be automatically met. At the same time, there should be consistent calculation engines that share common models and provide coherent measures across risk types. For example, cash flow generation for liquidity risk should use the same cash flow generation routines common to market risk and counterparty credit risk. There should also be integrated reporting across risk types to give senior managers and investors a consistent view across the enterprise of the impact of different types of risk. Meanwhile, systems should be designed that allow both for large volume, enterprise-wide batch runs and also interactive what-if analysis. This will also enable consistent stress testing across market, credit and liquidity risks, as they will all be driven by common risk factors. The implementation of such measures would allow the interplay between capital and liquidity to be fully tested. With this breaking down of risk silos, senior management will be able to view a dashboard of risk indicators that give them a true picture of their group balance sheet and variances from the stated risk appetite. This will mean that senior managers will once again, like the days before the emergence of complex banking, take ownership of the bank portfolio balance sheet at the legal entity level, in turn allowing them to take a harder line if they feel they have to. As Basel 3 progresses it is crucial that the interconnected nature of the risks on the balance sheet is pr operly assessed, while taking account of regulations and accounting standards. It is, therefore, time to break down those silos. 4.2.2. Misunderstanding how liquidity risk and capital are connected By viewing capital as a primary mitigant of liquidity risk, we fail to understand the nature of that risk. Capital mitigates unexpected losses, but not cash flow imbalances, such as funding liquidity risk. Liquidity risk is crystallized when a bank has to undertake a last minute fire sale of assets to meet its obligations. In short, if an institution has a liquidity problem, then it needs cash, not capital. Indeed, should a liquidity situation arise and the bank begins using reserves set aside to guard against liquidity risk in order to absorb losses and meet obligations, then the value of the company and thus the value of the capital are also likely to decline, since the bank will start to be perceived as riskier. Liquidity risk and capital are therefore inextricably linked. Thi s linkage has not been recognized by the Basel Committees primary response to liquidity risk, the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR), and the net stable funding ratio (NSFR).As with previous compartmentalized approaches to risk management, these ratios more or less view liquidity risk as a stand-alone risk silo. As such, the implementation of the current approach does not effectively address the flawed silo-based approach. The LCR requires that banks hold enough liquid assets to offset the sum of all cash outflows expected over the next 30 days. It tries to ensure the bank owns liquid resources to such an amount that short-term cash obligations will be fulfilled even under severe stress. The NSFR focuses on the structural balance between maturities of bank assets versus liabilities. Through the application of a one-year term horizon, it aims to prevent banks from exposing themselves to extreme maturity transformation risks through funding medium and long-term assets with very short-t erm liabilities. The prescriptive nature of these ratios is not helpful, as it does not allow the tailoring of a liquidity risk buffer to the needs of the specific institution. Under a top-down, holistic risk management model, the senior management of the bank would decide on the size of the liquidity buffer and what survival horizon is appropriate for it, based on a careful assessment of the banks overall risk appetite. This is important from a best practice governance perspective, because if an institution is holding more than the needed amount of liquid assets, then the part of the liquidity buffer that is not needed has an opportunity cost associated with it; that money could be deployed elsewhere to make a higher return for shareholders. If the institution holds less than is necessary to maintain stability, then the bank risks bankruptcy. 4.2.3. Nature of the liquidity risk: Liquidity risk originates from the mismatch between the timings of cash inflows and outflows. As s uch, it is fundamentally inherent to the banking business. Indeed, one of the key social functions of the banking industry is the provision of intermediation so as to facilitate the reallocation of financial resources from the liquid sectors of the economy those that have excess financial resources to invest to the illiquid ones. The consequence of this is that the banking industry is necessarily exposed to maturity mismatch. Typically, the terms on which liquid operators are ready to invest their liquidity are shorter than that on which illiquid operators are willing to borrow. While reallocating financial resources from one sector to the other, the banking system bears such mismatch of maturities in the form of liquidity risk. A further natural consequence is that the banking industry is leveraged banks inherently work on deposits and other funding. Obviously, a high degree of leverage boosts the impact of any liquidity problem, both on an individual and a systemic basis. In Basel 1 and Basel 2, liquidity risk received limited attention, with the regulations focused on the asset side of the balance sheet. Under Basel 2, risks arising from the liability side including liquidity risk and interest rate risk in the banking book are not subject to Pillar 1 minimum regulatory capital requirement. They are instead disciplined under pillar 2, with banks required to calculate the amount of capital they deem sufficient to support all their risks, which includes liquidity risk. However, after years of sterile debate on the possible methodologies for calculating the internal capital requirement for liquidity risk, it was generally accepted that capital alone was not a suitable mitigant for liquidity risk. As a result, the current Basel 2 framework does not effectively address liquidity risk. At the root of the Basel 2 framework is the fundamental assumption that a bank will always be creditworthy as long as asset quality is preserved. In other words, consensus t hinking before the credit crisis was that as long as the quality of assets was good enough, then the bank would always finance assets at fair prices for virtually any amount. However, this assumption failed to materialize when the crisis erupted and entire liquidity channels suddenly dried up, to the extent that even institutions with high ratings and excellent quality of assets collapsed or were threatened by collapse as a result of liquidity mismatches. The phenomenon grew to systemic proportions because many in the industry were massively leveraging maturity mismatches between assets and liabilities as a key component of their business model. Clearly, regulators cannot aim to remove liquidity risk from the system. Their best hope is to force banks to build liquid reserves such that, while not matching outflows in terms of maturities, there is an assurance that should a stress event occur then banks can withstand funding imbalances until the situation returns to normal. 4.3. QUALITY ASPECTS OF LIQUIDITY RISK MANAGEMENT: Most of the respondents (83%) answers that the bank maintains a strategy for the liquidity risk management approved by the management. Even though a strategy is maintained, the strategy is not in a revised manner by the banks risk management. It is a draw of the banks risk management. 4.4 STUDY OF LIQUIDITY RISK In the causes of liquidity risk model, we divide the causes of liquidity risk into bank-specific, supervisory and macroeconomic factors. The model is estimated through fixed effects regression. In the bank liquidity risk and performance model, we regard liquidity risk as an endogenous determinant of bank performance, and apply panel data instrumental variables regression to estimate this model. We also consider another factors affect bank performance besides liquidity risk. Besides, we divide these factors into bank-specific factors, market structure factors, supervisory factors, and macroeconomic conditions. The contri bution of this study is to use alternative liquidity risk measures instead of liquidity ratio, and we are the first study to investigate the causes of liquidity risk. Furthermore, we find that liquidity risk is an endogenous determinant of bank performance. The analyses in subsample, we further classify countries as bank-based or market-based system, and investigate the different causes of liquidity risk in different financial systems. We also investigate the effect of liquidity risk on bank performance in different financial systems. We find that liquidity risk is the endogenous determinant of bank performance. The causes of liquidity risk include components of liquid assets and dependence on external funding, supervisory and regulatory factors and macroeconomic factors. Besides, we also find that liquidity risk may lower bank profitability (ROAA and ROAE). Banks with larger gap lack stable and cheap fund, and thus they have to use liquid assets or much external funding to meet the demand of fund, increase banks cost of funding. It consequently decreases banks profitability. However, liquidity risk will increase banks net interest margins (NIM). It indicates that banks with high levels of illiquid assets in loans may receive higher net interest income. The financing behaviour is very different between bank-based and market-based financial system. In our study, we classify countries as bank-based or market-based system, and investigate the difference of causes of liquidity risk in different financial systems. The empirical results indicated that the bank-specific variable has the same effect on bank liquidity risk in two financial systems. About supervision and regulation, it provides that greater official power; higher activity restrictiveness will diminish bank liquidity risk in market-based financial system. However, we find that greater regulatory empowerment of private monitoring of banks will increase bank liquidity risk in market-based financial s ystem. Regarding macroeconomic environment, the results indicates that boom economy make banks run down their liquidity buffer in market-based financial system, but macroeconomic has no effect on bank liquidity risk in bank-based financial system. Besides, we further investigate bank liquidity risk and performance in different financial systems. We find that liquidity risk has different effects on bank performance in different financial systems. Liquidity risk is negatively related to bank performance in market-based financial system; however, it has no effect on bank performance in bank-based financial system. Finally, we check the robustness of our results using alternative liquidity risk measures, net loans to customer and short term funding. We find that the results are almost same as the model using financing gap to total assets ratio (FGAPR). Table No.1 Opinion about the financial banking system needed to function in a proper and effective manner S. No. Opinion No. of Respondents Percentage 1. Efficient Transfer of funds between lenders to borrowers 18 36 2. Efficient and correct pricing of financial assets 10 20 3. Secure and efficient payments resulting in liquidity 22 44 Total 50 100 The above table shows that majority 44% of the respondents stated that the financial banking system needed to function in a proper and effective manner with secure and efficient payments resulting in liquidity, 36 indicates efficient transfer of funds between lenders to borrowers and the remaining 20% expressed efficient and correct pricing of financial assets. Table No.2 Awareness of Basel Core Principles S. No. Opinion No. of Respondents Percentage 1. Preconditions for effective banking supervision 41 82 2. Licensing and structure 27 54 3. Prudential regulations and requirements 38 76 4. Methods of ongoing banking supervision 29 58 5. Information requirements 43 86 6. Formal powers of supervision 34 68 7. Cross border banking 36 72 The above tables reveals that majority (86%) of the respondents are aware about the information requirements in basel core principles, 82% are aware about the preconditions for effective banking supervision, 76% are aware about the prudential regulations and requirements, 68% of the respondents are aware about the formal powers and supervision, 58% are aware about the methods of ongoing banking supervision and the remaining 54% are aware about the licensing and structure. Table No.3 Parties considered for financing by the Basel 2 committee S. No. Opinion No. of Respondents Percentage 1. Retail SMEs 48 96 2. Factories 33 66 3. Commercial Real Estates 37 74 The above tables shows that majority (96%) of the parties considered to finance by the Basel 2 Committee are Retail SMEs, 74% of the respondent s are aware that the beneficiaries are commercial real estates and the rest 66% of them are aware the factories are the beneficiaries towards the Basel 2 Committee finance. Table No.4 Awareness about the retail loan segment hindering during the retail loan distribution Sl. No. Opinion No. of Respondents Percentage 1. Yes 46 92 2. No 4 8 Total 50 100 The above table shows that majorities (92%) of the respondents are aware about the retail loan segment hindering during the retail loan distribution and 8% of the respondents are not aware. Table No.5 Reasons aware about the hindrances S. No. Reasons No. of Respondents Percentage 1. Only SMEs are benefited from this distribution 23 50 2. All retail segments are not covered 12 26 3. Banks step towards self protection 11 24 Total 46 100 The above tables shows that half (50%) of the respondents are aware that only SMEs are benefited from this distribution, 26% of the respondents are aware all retail segments are not covered and the remaining 24% of the respondents are aware only banks step towards self protection. Table No.6 Impacts on SMEs or retail loan segment due to banks self protection S. No. Opinion No. of Respondents Percentage 1. Hindrance in growth of retail segment 12 24 2. Hindrance in growth of economy 38 76 Total 50 100 The above tables shows that majority (76%) of the respondents stated that the impact on SMEs or retail loan segment due to banks self protection hinders the growth of the economy and 24% considered the hindrance in growth of retail segment. Table No.7 Other Disadvantages Sl. No. Opinion No. of Respondents Percentage 1. Restricting retail segment to small business 15 30 2. Non-consideration higher business volume 35 70 Total 50 100 The above table shows that majorit y (70%) of the respondents considers other disadvantages as non-consideration higher business volume and 30% indicates that restricting retail segment to small business. Table No.8 Awareness about the three issues of risk addressed during the proposal Sl. No. Opinion No. of Respondents Percentage 1. Yes 35 70 2. No 15 30 Total 50 100 The above table shows that majority (70%) of the respondents is aware about the three issues of risk addressed during the proposal and 30% of the respondents are not aware. Table No.9 Impact of the risk considered very high Sl. No. Reasons No. of Respondents Percentage 1. Counter party credit risk 10 29 2. Credit derivatives 9 25 3. Operational risk 16 46 Total 35 100 The above tables shows that less than half (46%) of the respondents stated that operational risk impact is considered as very high, 29% considered counter party credit ri sk and the remaining 25% considered credit derivatives risk. Table No.10 Risk involved in counterparty credit risk Sl. No. Opinion No. of Respondents Percentage 1. Medium potential exposure measure and manage the credit risk 7 20 2. Loss given default rate is relatively high 28 80 Total 35 100 The above tables shows that majority (80%) of the respondents stated loss given default rate is relatively high which is the risk involved in counterparty credit risk and 20% of the respondents expressed medium potential exposure measure and mange the credit risk. Table No.11 Risk involved in credit Derivatives Sl. No. Opinion No. of Respondents Percentage 1. Substitution approach 18 51 2. Offset approach 17 49 Total 35 100 The above tables shows that more than half (51%) of the respondents stated that the substitution approach is the highest risk involved in credit derivatives and 49% o pined offset approach as the risk factor involved in credit derivative risk. The disadvantages of substitutional approach and offset approach are Substitutional approach substitutes the risk weight of the protection seller in place of the risk weight of the reference credit. Offset approach reduces the amount of current exposure by the amount of protection provided by the credit derivatives Table No.12 Awareness about the major impact of double default Sl. No. Awareness No. of Respondents Percentage 1. Reference credit 34 68 2. Protection seller 16 32 Total 50 100 The above tables shows that most (68%) of the respondents are aware that the reference credit as the major impact of double default and 32% of the respondents are aware about the protection seller. Table No.13 Advantages in structure of Basel 2 Sl. No. Awareness High Medium Low Total 1. Fundamental safety and soundness banking prin ciples 22 21 7 50 2. Reasonable trade off between enhanced risk sensitivity and implementation burden 36 8 4 50 3. Capital charges are stable over the economic cycle 31 12 7 50 4. Improvement in risk management practice 18 20 12 50 5. Greater Risk Sensitivity 46 2 2 50 6. Reflect and support sound risk management practices 39 6 5 50 7. Adapt to evolving markets and products 17 24 9 50 8. Promote and enhance a level playing field across international boundaries 11 15 24 50 The above tables shows that the advantages in the structure of Basel 2 are self explanatory, however, 46 (92%) of the respondents stated the greater risk sensitivity as high, 39 (78%) of the respondents indicated reflect and support sound risk management practices as high, 36 (72%) expressed reasonable trade off between enhanced risk sensitivity and implementation burden, 31 ( 62%) of the respondents opined capital charges are stable over the economic cycle and considered high, 24 (48%) of the respondents stated medium on the adapt to evolving markets and products and the remaining 24 (48%) stated low over the promotion and enhancement of level playing field across international boundaries.

Animal Testing Is A Controversial Issue For A Significant...

Animal testing Abstract: Animal testing also known as animal experimentation has become a controversial issue for a long time.Testing on animals has enormously increased with the advancement of research and development in medical field. Animals are used as experimental models to test the products, medicines and chemicals before they are released in to the market.However,testing on animals is a cruel act and should not be encouraged to carry experiments on animals for human benefits.As we know, nothing interesting is ever completely one sided, same goes with animal testing. A brief account of what type of animals are tested and how it should be minimized is discussed in the paper with examples. Introduction: Animal testing is widely done for research purposes to understand how a product behaves on human body. It is usually conducted in universities, research laboratories, pharmaceutical companies and some facilities designed for experimenting. Animal testing has been going on for a significant time frame, since ages. The myth that experimenting on animals is one of the ways to obtain the accurate results of the products that humans use is the primary root cause for animal testing.Animals are used for research purposes as a tool to understand effects of medical experiments. Moreover, experiments are done on animals like cats, mice, dogs, rabbits and monkeys to obtain different products like vaccines, antibiotics, and cosmetics, which are used in medical treatments,Show MoreRelatedResearch Proposal2386 Words   |  10 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Research Proposal In recent years, the amount of media coverage surrounding assisted suicide, or euthanasia, has increased. The term evokes a multitude of emotive responses. The Royal College of Nursing completed research on the issue of euthanasia initiating change in their policy of opposition to euthanasia (Robinson, Greenwood, 2009). 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Analysis Of Paulo Freire s The Pedogogy Of The Oppressed

In this reading from the book â€Å"THE PEDOGOGY OF THE OPPRESSED†, the author Paulo Freire tackles three various types of educational styles and their direct influence on the student and the society. The liberation teaching style, the narrative technique, and the banking style of teaching. As the title suggests, there are two educational styles directed to the oppressed and the oppressor. These are; the banking and the narrative educational style. Paulo Freire in a very persuasive way argues, the only way to transform people s lives as a teacher is the use of the liberation approach where students are giving the freedom to express themselves and communicate with the teacher to help the students understand the methods used in teaching. This helps students interact, ask questions and solve problems with both their peers and the teacher. According to Pianta, â€Å"Positive student- teacher relationships are characterized by open communication, as well as emotional and academic support that exist between students and teachers†. The other approach is the narrative and the banking techniques of teaching. These approaches make students not think critically and the author points out how useless it is for students. Paulo Freire talks further and explains the narrative approach to teaching. In the narrative style, it is seen by the reader that the student is a container to be filled with information and to regurgitate back to the teacher at the student’s request without knowing the

Reform and Development of Health Services

Questions: 1. Do you think the control knobs framework can be used to describe the main elements of the reform? 2. What do you think were the major drivers of the Affordable Care Act in the United States? 3. Who supported it? Who opposed it? Why? Answer: 1. The health system framework comprises the interactions which are associated with the final goals which are to be achieved by the system. Thus, the framework has control knob which enable the policy makers to achieve these goals. These knobs are also used in Obama care, where it focuses on quality improvement, lowers the cost of health care by making plans of financing and health service payment (2). Within the framework, it also focuses on efficiency. responsiveness, access and equity of the system. 2. An increase in the health care cost, the growing profit of the health care corporations, growing demand of uninsured people and deficit in national debt are the major drivers of the Affordable Care Act in the United States (1). Thus, this Act was made so that the American get could get better treatment. The health insurance has also become more affordable to the lower and Middle Americans through this Act. The implementation of this Act is just a stepping stone toward the health reform. 3. By 2010, 55% people disapproved and 41% people approved this act. Among the Republicans, 88% disapprove it, and only 10% approved it. The reason cited by them was that there is too much involvement of government in the health care. Among Democrats, 73% approved while 24% disapproved it. The reason given by them was it has all law requirements which a system needs (1). Post graduates (58%) are in favor of this act while the college graduates (48%) are not. The reason for this educational difference is that it gives coverage to the uninsured people. I am writing this comment regarding my classmate's post for the stated part "Therefore, the reform was believed to cover all the deficit and provides better and equal healthcare for all Americans." In my opinion, I don't think this is correct because the health care facts show that this Affordable Care Act was an effective program but it was not enough to reform the three trillion dollar US healthcare industry and it according to the National Health Expenditure Projections, the American people would spend around five trillion by 2022. Thus, this Act could curb down the expenses for reform but could not completely finish it. References: Health Care Facts: Why We Need Health Care Reform [Internet]. Obamacare Facts. 2016 [cited 3 August 2016]. Available from: https://obamacarefacts.com/healthcare-facts/ User S. Control Knobs [Internet]. Healthdatanavigator.eu. 2016 [cited 3 August 2016]. Available from: https://www.healthdatanavigator.eu/performance/frameworks/control-knobs